MASS PRODUCTION DEFINITION HOW TO

is less than 0.6 V, the base-emitter junction is reverse-biased too. We say that there is a current gain of 100. The important result of the action is that the collector current is about 100 times greater than the base current. starts the electrons off on their journey but, once they get to the base-emitter junction, most of them come under the influence of the emitter-collector p.d. They flow from the collector terminal, forming the collector current, and on toward the battery.

The electrons flow on toward the collector terminal, attracted by the much stronger field between emitter and collector. Now they come under the influence of the collector-emitter p.d. They also pass through the depletion layer at the base-collector junction, which is reverse-biased. The remaining 99 electrons, having been accelerated toward the junction by the field between the emitter and base, are able to pass straight through the thin base layer. Typically, there is only one hole for every 100 electrons arriving at the base-emitter junction. As there are few holes in the base region, there are few holes for the electrons to fill. 77), they combine with holes that have entered the transistor at the base terminal. What actually happens is that electrons enter the transistor by emitter terminal and flow to the base-emitter junction. When describing the action in this way, we are describing it in terms of conventional current, as indicated by the arrows in the drawing. is greater than about 0.6 V, a base current flows from base to emitter. When the transistor is connected as in the diagram, the base-emitter junction is forward-biased. It is lightly doped, so it provides very few holes. It is very thin (though not shown like that in the drawing). This is where the features of the base layer are important: This completed the development of a system through which large volumes of standardised products could be assembled by unskilled workers at constantly decreasing costs вЂ“ the apogee of mass production.Whatever the direction of the p.d., one or other of the p-n junctions is sure to be reverse-biased. Ford thus extended the ideas of scientific management, with the assembly line controlling the pace of production.

Instead of workers bringing all the parts and tools to a fixed location where one car was put together at a time, the assembly line brought the cars to the workers. By breaking down activities into tasks that were sequential, logical and easy to understand, each worker would have narrowly defined and repetitious tasks to perform, at high speed and therefore with low costs (Kanigel, 1999).ДЄ third innovation was the development of the moving assembly line by Henry Ford.

MASS PRODUCTION DEFINITION HOW TO

Taylor argued that the role of management was to analyse jobs in order to find the вЂone best wayвЂ™ of performing any task or sequence of tasks, rather than allowing workers to determine how to perform their jobs. This greatly reduced the amount of work required in cutting, filing and fitting individual parts, and meant that people or companies could specialise in particular parts of the production process.ДЄ second innovation was the development by Frederick Taylor (1911) of the system of 'scientific managementвЂ™, which sought to redesign jobs using similar principles to those used in designing machines.

Instead of being produced for a specific machine or piece of equipment, parts were made to a standard design that could be used in different models. They developed aggressive advertising and employed sales forces to market their products.ДЄn important innovation in operations that made mass production possible was the system of standardised and interchangeable parts known as the вЂAmerican system of manufactureвЂ™ (Hounshell, 1984), which developed in the United States and spread to the United Kingdom and other countries. Producers concentrated on keeping costs, and hence prices, down by minimising the variety of both components and products and setting up large production runs. Customers are expected to buy what is supplied, rather than goods made to their own specifications. Mass production involves producing goods in high volume with low variety вЂ“ the opposite of craft manufacturing. In many industries, craft manufacturing began to be replaced by mass production in the 19th century.

Mass production definition